Antenna



Sept. 18, 1934. P. s. CARTER 1,974,387

ANTENNA Filed June 11, 1930 4 Sheets-Sheet 1 .INVENTOR as. CARTER MM ATTO NEY Sept. 18, 1934. s CARTER 1,974,387

ANTENNA Filed Jun 11, 1930 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 INVENTOR P.6. CARTER Sept. 18, 1934. P, a CARTER 1,974,387

ANTENNA Filed June 11, 1930 4 Sheets-Sheet 3 4 INVENTOR P. S. CARTER NTTO NEY Patented Sept. 1a, 1934*; j

. mm srArES' ANTENNA Philip Staats Carter, Port Jefferson, N.

sig'nor to Radio Corporation of America, a corporation of Delaware I Application June 11, 1930, Serial No. 460,467

41 Claims. (01. 250-43) This invention relates to directive antenna sys tems, and has for its primary object to provide a simplified and highly efflcient antenna system utilizing standing wave phenomena.

It is known that when'a wire having a length greater-than the operatingwave length is excited in such manner that standing waves are pro-- duced thereon, radiation willoccur principally in posed with respect toeach other, radiateequally the direction of symmetrical cones having their apices at thecenter of the wire. Such is the case with a wire having a length equal to a plurality of one-half wave lengths at the operating frequency. The radiation pattern produced in such instance appears, in cross section, in the formof f symmetrical cones about the wire. The present invention, which makes use of these-phenomena, in its most simple aspect employs a pair of openended wires energized in phase opposition to have standing waves throughout the length "of the angle, in general, corresponds to the angle of the principal cone of radiation of one of the,conduc-' tors.

Another object of the'invention is to disclose the angle for the best directional propagation for open-ended wires of any finite length,preferably longer than the operat ng wave length, having standing waves thereon and arranged in the mannerv proposed.

Since a pair of wires of the type above described having standing waves of opposite and instantaneous polarity thereon which are angularlydiswell in twodirections, i. e., towards the diverging ends of the wires and towards the convergingends Y of the wires, such an arrangement is bidirec-.

tional.

A further object of the presentinvention therefore is to provide a unidirectional arrangement.

This may preferably be accomplished by placing 0 A still further object to concentrate the beam in planes transverse to the plane of the wires. These transverse planes usually include the vertical plane, since the wires are ordinarily disposed in horizontal planes. This may be effected by placingYsimilar arrangements of wires above or below a given arrangement of wires. To increase horizontal directivity, the arrangements of wires -may be duplicated side by side.

Other objects and features will appear in the. subsequentdetailed description referring to thevarious embodiments of the invention disclosed in the accompanying drawings.

Figure 1a illustrates, generally, the principal conical radiational characteristic of a long conductor upon which standing waves are produced,

Figure 1b illustrates in cross section, the radia-' tion characteristic of a wire five wave lengths long,

1 Figures 2a, 2b and 20 indicate various forms of 35, the fundamental unit of the present invention wherein long linear conductors having standing waves thereon are disposed at an angle such that principal radiation occurs alongthe direction of the bisector of the angle,

Figure 3 indicates the bidirectional characteristic of one of the units shown in any of the Figures 2a, 2b, or 20,

Figure 4 illustrates an antenna system for concentrating the directional beam radiated from one of the units shown in Figures 2a, 2b, and 20,

Figure 5v illustrates thearrangement of a plurality of units such as shown in Figure 2 for ob-- tainingunidirectional propagation,

Figures 6 and '7 illustrate, respectively, the 0 power distribution in the horizontal and vertical planes from one antenna system of particular dimensions of the type shown in Figure 5,

Figure8 illustrates a broadside arrangement of unidirectional units for further increasing 'the 5 ,directivity'of a propagated beam of electromagnetic waves,

Figure 9 indicates schematically in plan view,

an end-on or in linear-rangement of units for increasing the directivity of a beam of waves,

Figures 10 and 10a indicate diamond shaped arrangements of units for obtaining unidirectional propagation,

Figure 11 illustrates a preferred form of the invention for concentrating a unidirectional beam of energy horizontally and vertically, when the length of wires is of the order of 6 to 12 wave lengths, and,

Figure 12 is a graph showing thev relationship between the length of one ofa pair of conductors and half the angle between them for obtaining maximum radiation along the bisector of said angle. As indicated by the sketch of the antenna system in the upper right hand corner of this figure, this relationship holds most strictly when the wires are of equal length.

In general, as shown in Figure 1a, there are two principal hollow cones 4, 6 of radiation ,about a wire such as indicated by the reference character 2, which is long relative to the working wave length. The cones are symmetrical about the wire 2, and the axis of the cones coincides with that of the radiator 2. For a given length of, wire measured in wavelengths, the angle a between the axes YY, of each lobe or ear of the cone which appears as such in cross section, and the wire 2 is constant.

More specifically, a cross section of the solid polar diagram of the radiation from a wire, which wire is a number of wave lengths long and has standing waves thereon, contains as many cars per quadrant as there are wave lengths in the wire. Thus, as shown in Figure 1b, there are five ears in each quadrant for a wire five wave lengths long, the principal ears or lobes of radiation occurring along the axes Y-Y. As indicated, the instantaneous directions of the field represented by adjacent ears are reversed.

Now, if it is desired to radiate energy principally in the direction of axis X-X of Figures 2a, 2b, and 2c, the conductors, shown in Figure 1, should be turned an angle a relative to the direction XX; and, in order to increase still further the directional characteristic along the axis XX, according to the present invention, two wires are used each of which makes an angle on with the axis X--X on opposite sides of the axis in a fashion such that the axis and the pair of wires lie in a single plane. In directions other than along the axis X-X, addition of radiation from the two wires is imperfect, and at certain angles radiation cancellation will occur: Consequently, a pair of wires disposed at the angle or with respect to the X-X axis will have a radiation characteristic in the plane of the pair of wires of the general type shown in Figure 3.

By considering a long wire the equivalent of a very large number of very short, (Hertz) oscillators and by adding up the field components at any point P having a direction angle 0 relative to the axis of the wire, where the point P is a great distance from the wire as compared to the length of the wire such that all lines from point P to any point on the wire are essentially parallel, it can be shown that the field strength H is given by the following proportionality for a conductor an odd number of half wave lengths long:

cos (n; cos 0) The letter "12 indicates the number of half wave lengths contained in the wire.

For a wire an even number of half wave lengths long, in similar fashion, the field strength H is given by the following proportionality:

sin (n; cos 0) each wire of the V should be disposed relative to the direction XX of desired wave propagation. Obviously the critical value of 0 for either of the above equations may readily be determined; its value for wires up to fourteen wave lengths long is given graphically in Figure 12. For practical purposes the empirical formula 1 o.m a 5036 degrees is sufiiciently accurate where 1 equals the length of the wire and A the wave length, both in the same units of measurement. Where a pair of wires of substantially equal length are used to form the V antenna of the present invention, they should be spaced apart at an angle substantially equal to twice the angle a as determined in any of the ways described above.

In order to obtain a bidirectional unit having a characteristic such as shown in Figure 3, as already indicated, any of the arrangements shown in Figures 2a, 2b, or 20 may be utilized. The fundamental unit is shown in Figure 2a. where a transmission line 10 supplies high frequency energy to a pair of wires A, B forming the angle 2 a with each other. The angle a is the angle made by one of the conductors with the X-X axis along which it is desired that the radiators A, B, propagate energy. The conductors A, B, are joined together at their apex which falls in the axis XX as shown. The wires may be fed intermediate their ends in a fashion similar to that in which a half wave length oscillator is fed intermediate its ends. If desired, as shown in Figure 2b, the radiating wires may be terminated on a transmission line 10 instead of being connected together at the apex as shown in Figure 2a.

The arrangement shown in Figure 2c is preferred since it facilitates tuning of the antenna unit comprising the pair of wires A, B. The transmission line 10 feeds energy to a U-shaped loop 12, the legs of which are short circuited by an adjustable short circuiting strap 14, representing a voltage nodal point. The ends 16 of the loop 12 supply energy obtained from line 10 to the conductors A, B whereby the conductors are excited in phase opposition. Adjustment of impedance is accomplished along the legs of the loop by suitable adjustable tapping points 18 in order that reflection along transmission line 10 may be reduced.

Use of the loop allows of completion of the tuning of the antenna wires by making the total effective tuning length of each wire of the V or radiat'mg unit substantially equal to an odd number of quarter wave lengths. The effective radiating length is the length of wire included in the V only, since the loop itself is substantially nonradiating and can be made to be any length.

When tuning of the V is properly accomplished by the U-loop, the system presents a pure resistive load to the transmission line. By tapping the transmission line to the legs of the U at a suitable distance from the short circuiting strip, the effective resistance of the antenna system can be made equal to the surge impedance of the line, which is a necessary condition for maximum transmission efficiency.

It should be noted that energy should be fed so as to energize the radiators A, B in phase opposition, otherwise at a distant'point P along the axis XX there would be radiation cancellation instead of addition. It is also to be distinctly understood that the unit, so far described, is not only useful for radiation purposes in a transmitting arrangement but may be utilized equally as well for reception. That is, the antenna system according to the present invention is equally well suited for any type of radiant action whether it be collection of radiation energy or the transmission thereof.

It is to be further understood that the wiresof each unit can be of any desired length provided they are placed at the correct angle for their particular length. For best tuning, the total overall length of. both of the wires and the U loop terminating them should be effectively an integral number of half wave lengths, although the portion forming the radiation element can be of any length. The law giving the correct angle for lengths between odd and even number of half wave lengths is not given herein due to its complexity but the empirical formula and the curve of Figure 12 will be found accurate for all practical purposes, whether or not the length of wire dealt with corresponds'to an .integral number of half wave lengths.

In order to prevent undesired high angle radi ation, and in order to concentrate the desired beam in elevation, the scheme shown in Figure 4 may be utilized. In Figure 4, pairs of wires A, B and A, B are placed in parallel horizontal planes and supported by masts 20 and suitably insulated therefrom by suitable insulators 22. Both pairs of wires or units are fed cophasally fr m a transmission line 24 through conductors 26, the wires of each pair or unit being fed in opposite phase. In order to increase the elevational concentration of radiated energy, the pair A, Band the pair of wires A, B are placed apart in horizontal planes by a substantial spacing ofpreferably not less than one-half wave length. The lower pair should be at least one-half wave length above ground. Bidirectional propagation ensues along the axis XX but in a much more concentrated form relative to the use of a single unit.

The vertical spacing of the units one above the other need not be made an integral number of half wave lengths. For wires whose lengths approach the order of magnitude from 6 to 10 wave possible, a good compromise is a half wave length spacing. For transmission of energy having a wave length of 1'7 or 18 meters, a good practical antenna may be had wherein the lower wires are about three-quarters of a wave length above ground, and the spacing between wires is onehalf wave length. Eighty foot poles or masts may be used to support the wires.- I In order to obtain a unidirectional radiation characteristic, pairs of parallel units such as shown in Figures 2a, 2b, and 20 may be spaced apart a distance along the axis XX, which in efiect is the bisector of the angle formed by each pair of wires in each unit. This distance may, in the preferred arrangement, be equal to an odd number of quarter wave lengths.

Such a system combined with means for con centrating the beam in a direction traversing the plane of the wires of each unit is shown in Figure 5. That is, Figure 5 illustrates a system such as shown in Figure 4 duplicated in a direction along the XX axis whereby, in a horizontal plane, a directional characteristic is obtained such as that shown in Figure 6 and, in a vertical 'the diverging ends of the radiators.

plane a power distribution characteristic such as shown in Figure 7. 1

The system of Figure 5, comprising the pair of wires A, B paralleled by similar pairs a, b spaced apart along the direction XX an odd number of quarter wave lengths and, as shown nine-quarters ofa wave length behind the apex 28 of wires A, B, is excited so that the wires a, b,

have standing current waves thereon degrees ahead in phase of the standing current waves on wires A, B. Consequently, energy will be propa gated principally along the axis XX towards In order to concentrate the beam of energy so radiated, similar pairs of radiators are placed below the pairs A, B and a, b in planes suitably spaced from the first mentioned pairs of radiators to obtain the desired vertical or elevational concentration. The lower pairs of radiators are excited cophasally with respect to the upper pairs through conductors 26, 26' fed by transmission line 24. In order to tune the various units, there are provided U-shaped'loops 30, 30 which are short circuited by straps at 32, 82', similar to 14 at Figure 2c and as shown in Figure 11.

By exciting wires 0., b 90 degrees lagging relative to radiators A, B, unidirectional propagation may be obtained in an opposite direction, or, towards the converging ends or apices of the units. If greater concentration of the radiated energy is desired, several systems such as shown in Figure 5, for example, comprising an effective radiating unit A, B and an effective reflecting unit a, b may be placed in broadside with other units, and the-several units excited cophasally. Thus, in Figure 8 each of the radiating units A, B shown in plan view is provided with a reflecting unit a, b. By means of branched transmission lines, as shown diagrammatically at T, each system is fed cophasally as a result of which an extremely concentrated beam of energy in the plane of the units is transmitted in a direction from the reflecting units towards the radiating units or the reverse, depending upon the relative phase of the standing waves on the units.

The units may be arranged in end-on fashion or coaxially as shown in Figure 9 where each of the units U is spaced apart in the direction of desired propagation. By making the phase difference between each of the units equal to where S is a spacingof each unit measured along I the axis, concentrated unidirectional propagation may be obtained in either direction along the XX axis depending upon whether or not the standing waves on the succeeding units lag or lead each other by the phase difierence given according to the foregoing expression.

Other combinations will readily suggest themselves to those skilled in the art, for example, the units U may be placed diamond shaped fashion such as-shown in Figure 10, or, they may be superimposed as shown in Figure 10a, the wires of each of the beam in elevation. Energy is fed to the system through an impedance matching device 40 and thence cophasally to the reflecting units through a suitable connection 42. Energy is similarly fed to the radiating units through a suitable connection 44. By suitable tuning and by suitable spacing of the radiating pairs of wires and reflecting pairs of wires, unidirectional propagation may be obtained in either direction along the bisector of the angle formed by the wires of each pair.

The spacing of the antenna and reflector, of the system shown in Figure 11 where the wires are 6 to 12 wave lengths long, is made preferably ninequarters of a wave length. For wires longer than ten waves lengths, the preferred form should have a greater spacing between the antenna and reflector such as two and three-quarters or three and one-quarter wave lengths. For wires on the order of three or four wave lengths long, the reflector spacing from the antenna may be one and one-quarter wave lengths or less. In general, as the lengths of wires in terms of wave lengths increase, the reflector and antenna spacing should be increased.

In each of the systems for reception, the transmission line would simply be coupled to a suitable receiver, the antenna being directed upon a transmitting station.

The wires, though preferably placed in horizontal planes may be placed at any desired angle without departing fro-m the scope of this invention, and, during transmission it may often be found desirable to have the plane of the wires tilted away from the earth and towards the direction in which the beam of energy is to be propagated.

By the term plurality of wave lengths, or plurality of half wave lengths, or several half wave lengths, it is not intended that the wires so described shall necessarily be an exact or approximate integral number of such lengths, unless so specified, but rather that each of the 7 wires so described shall be sufficiently long to include the lengths specified.

Having thus described my invention, what I claim is:

l. A directional antenna comprising a pair of angularly disposed linear conductors said conductors being angularly disposed with respect to each other, each of a length including substantially a plurality of half wave lengths, means for exciting the radiators in phase opposition whereby standing waves of opposite instantaneous polarity are formed thereon whereby radiant action of the antenna is predominantly along the direction of the bisector of the angle formed by the conductors, and another pair of conductors parallel and similar to said first mentioned pair of conductors and spaced therefrom an odd number of quarter wave lengths measured in a direction along the bisector of the angle of the conductors.

2. A directional transmitting antenna comprising a pair of angularly disposed linear conductors said conductors being angularly disposed with respect to each other, each of a length including substantially a plurality of half wave lengths and being open-ended; means for exciting the radiators in phase opposition whereby standing waves of opposite instantaneous polarity are formed on the radiators; and, another pair of conductors similar and parallel to said first mentioned pair of conductors and spaced therefrom in a direction along the bisector of the angle of the conductors, an odd number of quarter wave lengths.

3. A directional antenna comprising a pair of angularly disposed linear conductors said conductors being angularly disposed with respect to each other in a horizontal plane, each of a length including substantially a plurality of half wave lengths, means for producing standing waves thereon whereby radiant action of the antenna is predominantly along the direction of the bisector of the angle formed by the conductors, and, another pair of conductors similar and parallel to said first mentioned pair of conductors and spaced therefrom in a direction along the bisector of the angle of the conductors by an odd munber of quarter wave lengths.

4. A directional transmitting antenna comprising a pair of angularly disposed linear conductors said conductors being angularly disposed with respect to each other, each of a length including substantially a plurality of half wave lengths and being open-ended and disposed in a horizontal plane; means for exciting the radiators in phase opposition whereby standing waves of opposite instantaneous polarity are formed on the radiators; and, another pair of conductors similar and parallel to said first mentioned pair of conductors and spaced therefrom in a direction along the bisector of the angle of the conductors by an odd number of quarter wave lengths.

5. A directional antenna comprising a pair of angularly disposed linear conductors said conductors being angularly disposed with respect to each other, each of a length including substantially a plurality of half wave lengths, means for producing standing waves thereon whereby radiant action of the antenna is predominantly along the direction of the bisector of the angle formed by the conductors, and, another pair of conductors similar to said first mentioned pair of conductors spaced apart from said first mentioned pair in a direction traversing the planes of each pair.

6. A directional antenna comprising a pair of angularly disposed linear conductors said conductors being angularly disposed with respect to each other, each of a length including substantially a plurality of half wave lengths, means for producing standing waves thereon whereby radiant action of the antenna is predominantly along the direction of the bisector of the angle formed by the conductors; and, another pair of conductors similar to said first mentioned pair of conductors spaced apart from said first mentioned pair, in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the pair of conductors a number of half wave lengths.

7. An antenna comprising parallel pairs of angularly disposed conductors, said conductors being angularly disposed with respect to each other, spaced apart along the direction of the bisector of the angle formed by the conductors an odd number of quarter wave lengths, and, similar pairs of conductors in planes parallel to and spaced apart vertically from the planes of the first mentioned pairs of conductors.

8. A transmitting antenna system comprising parallel pairs of angularly disposed conductors, said conductors being angularly disposed with respect to each other, arranged in a horizontal plane having their apices spaced apart along the direction of the bisector of the angle formed by the conductors an odd number of quarter wave lengths, and similar pairs of conductors disposed in a parallel horizontal plane a vertical distance away from said first mentioned plane, equal to one or more half wave lengths.

9. An antenna system comprising a pair of linear conductors, said conductors being angularly disposed with respect to each other, each substantially an odd number of half wave lengths longand angularly disposed with respect to each other at an angle substantially equal to the angle for which the field strength at a distant point lying in the direction of the bisector is a maximum, said field strength being proportional to cos (n cos 0) sin 0 where n is the number of half wave lengths contained in each conductor and 0 is the half angle between the wires, and means in circuit with said antenna for exciting the conductors in phase opposition whereby standing waves of opposite instantaneous polarity are formed on the conductors throughout their length.

10. An antenna comprising a-pair of linear conductors each substantially an even number of half wave lengths long and disposed with respect to each other at an angle substantially equal to the angle for which the field strength at a distant point lying in the direction ofthe bisector is a maximum, said field strength being 'propor-- tional to a. (t e), sin a where n is the number of halfwave lengths contained in said conductor and 0 is the half angle between the wires, and means in circuit with said antenna for exciting the conductors in phase opposition whereby standing waves of opposite instantaneous polarity areformed on the conductors throughout their length.

11. An antenna comprising a pair of linear conductors, each substantially an odd number of half wave lengths long and angularly'disposed with respect to each other at an angle equal to.

twice the angle for which the' expression 1 0) CO8 [12 C03 is a maximum, n being the number of half wave lengths contained in each conductor, and, a similar pair of conductors spaced from said first pair by an odd number of quarter wave lengths in a direction along the bisector .of the angle of the conductors.

v 12. An antenna comprising a pair of linear conductors each substantially an even number of half wave lengths long and disposed with respect to each other at an angle substantially equal to twice the angle for which the expression sin (n; cos 0) sin 9 is a maximum, 11. being the number of half wave lengths contained in each conductor, and a similar pair of conductors spaced from said first pair by an odd number of quarter wave lengths in a direction along the bisector of the angle of the conductors.

13. An antenna comprising a pair of linear conductors, each substantially an odd number of half wave lengths long and angularly disposed planes of Y the pairs.

with respect to each other at an angle equal to twice the angle for which the expression cos cos 0) 4 sin (12-; cos 0) sin 9 is'a maximum, n being the number of half wave lengths contained in each conductor, and a similar pair of conductors away from the first mentioned pair in a direction perpendicular tothe 15. An antenna comprising a pair of relatively long conductors disposed with respect to each other at an angle substantially equal to twice song)? degrees, l being the'length of the wire and 1 the operatingwave length in like units, and means in circuit with said antenna for exciting the conductors; in phase opposition whereby standing waves of opposite' instantaneous polarity are formed on the conductors throughout their length.

16. An antenna comprising a pair of relatively long conductors disposed with respect to each other at an angle substantially equal to twice degrees, and, a similar parallel pair of conductors spaced an odd number of quarter wave lengths away from said first mentioned pair along the bisector of the angle of the conductors, Z-being the length of each wire and i being the operating wave length in like units.

1'7. An antenna comprising pairs of long conductors,'the conductors of each pair disposed with respect to each other at an angle substantially equal to twice degrees, and the pairs being placed in parallel planes. substantially an odd number of half wave lengths apart, I being the length of each wire and being the operating wave length in like units.

18. An antenna comprising pairs of relatively long conductors the conductors of each pair being disposed with respect to each other at an angle substantially equal to twice degrees the apices of eachpair being separated along the direction of the bisector of the angle formed by the conductors by an odd number of quarter wave lengths; and, similar pairs'of conductors in a substantially parallel plane spaced apart fromsaid first pairs, 1 being the length of each wire and 7\ being the operating wave length in like units.

19. An antenna arrangement comprising a pair of diverging linear conductors angularly disposed with "respectzto each other, another pair of angularly disposed diverging conductors similar to said first mentioned pair and spaced apart from said first pair in aldirection along the bisector of the angle of the conductors, both said pairs of angularly disposed conductors being arranged to form opposite angles of a four sided plane figure, the conductors of each pair being excited in phase opposition whereby radiant action occurs principally in the plane of said conductors and along the direction of said bisector.

20. A diamond-shaped antenna arrangement comprising a pair of V-shaped antennae arranged to form a parallelogram," and means for connecting the apex of each V antenna to high frequency apparatus whereby the legs of each V which lie alongside each other are excited in phase opposition'so that radiant action occurs,

linear conductors angularly disposed with respect to each other, each of a length including substantially a plurality of one-half wave lengths and being open-ended, another similar pair of angularly dispcsedlinear conductors also of a lengthincluding a plurality of one-half wave lengths and being open-ended, both of said pair s being so arranged that the open ends of one pair point in a substantially opposite direction with respect to the open ends of the other pair and the acute angles formed by said pairs face one another, and means for exciting the radiators of eachpair in phase opposition whereby standing waves of opposite instantaneous p olarity are formed on the radiators.

22. A directional transmitting antenna arrangement comprising a pair of Vshaped antennae arranged to form a parallelogram, and means for exciting the radiators of each pair in phase opposition? whereby standing waves of opposite instantaneous polarity are formed on the radiators whereby radiant action occurs principally in the plane of said radiators and principally along a. line joining the apices of said V-shaped antennae? 23. A directional antenna arrangement comprising a pair of open-ended V-shaped antennae arranged in a hcrizontal'plane such that the open ends of each pair point in opposite directions with respect to the other pair, and means for connecting the apex of each V antenna to high frequency apparatus whereby radiant ac-' tion occurs principally in the plane of the V-" shaped antenna and principally in a direction" corresponding to the line joining the apices of said V-shaped antennae.

24. A directional antenna arrangement comprising a pair of open-ended V-shaped antennae arranged such that the acute angle formed by the individual conductors of each pair of antennae face each other and the open ends of each pair point in different directions, and means for connecting the'apex of each \i antenna to high individual conductors of each pair face each other, andgmeans for connecting the apex of each v'antennato high frequency apparatus whereby radiant action occurs principally in the plane of the radiators and principally in a direction corresponding to a line joining the apices of said v shaped antennae.

Q26. A directional antenna comprising a'pair of linear conductors angularly disposed with respect to each other and placed in a plane at an angle to the horizontal, said plane extending in'the desired direction of transmission each conductor being of a length including substantially a plurality of one-half wave lengths, means for producing standing waves thereon whereby radiant action of the antenna is predominantly along the direction of the bisector of the angle formed by the conductors, and another pair of conductors similar and parallel to said first mentioned pair of conductors and spaced therefrom in a direction along the bisector of the angle of the conductors by an odd nufnber of one-quarter wave lengths.

27. A directional transmittingantenna comprising a pair of linear conductors angularly disposed with respect to each other, each of a length including substantially a plurality of one-half wave lengths and being open-ended, and disposed in a plane at an angle fromthe horizontal, said plane extending in the desired direction of transmission, means for exciting the radiators in phase opposition whereby standing waves of opposite instantaneous polarity are formed on the radiators, and another pair of conductors similar and parallel to said first mentioned pair of conductors and spaced therefrom in a direction along the bisector of the angle of the conductors by an odd number of one-quarter wave lengths.

.28. A directional transmitting antenna comprising a plurality of pairs of linear conductors, the conductors of each pair being angularly disposed with respect to each other, each conductor being of a length including substantially a plurality of one-half wave lengths and being openended, said plurality of pairs being disposed in a horizontal plane along the bisector of the angle of the conductors, means for exciting the two radiators of each pair in phase opposition whereby standing'waves of opposite instantaneous polarity are formed on the radiators of each pair, and means for feeding the successive pairs of radiators so that thecurrents in the successive radiators of each pair differ in phase by an angle 21rS/)\ where S is the spacing along the bisector and x thewave length:

29. A directional transmitting antenna comprising a plurality of pairs of linear conductors, the conductors of each pair being angularly disposed with respect to each other, each conductor being of a length including substantially a plurality of one-half wave lengths and being openended, said plurality of pairs being disposed in a plane at an angle from the horizontal, said plane extending in the desired direction of transmission, means for exciting the two radiators of each pair in phase opposition whereby standing waves of opposite instantaneous polarity are formed on the radiators of each pair, and means for feeding the successive pairs of radiators so that the currents in the successive radiators of each pair differ in phase by an angle 21rS/ where S is the spacing and A the wave length.

30. A broadside directional antenna comprising a pair of linear conductors angularly disposed with respect to each other, another pair of angularly disposed linear conductors arranged adja-V .cent and in the same plane with said first pair angles formed by the conductors of each pair for] so that said two pairs are side by side and have their acute angles opening in'the same direction. and means for producing standing waves thereon whereby radiant action of the antenna is predominantly along the direction of the bisectors of the effecting beam concentration.

31. A broadside directional antenna comprising a pair of linear conductors angularly disposed, with respect to each other in a horizontal plane,

another pair of angularly disposed linear conduc- M tors arranged adjacent and in the same plane 32, A directional transmitting antenna comprising a pair of linear conductors angularly disposed with respect to each other, each of a length including substantially a plurality of half wave lengths, and being open-ended, a transmission line, a pair of vertical connections extending from said pair of conductors. to said transmission line,

I and means in circuit with'said transmissionline for exciting the conductors in phase opposition whereby anding ves of opposite instantaneous polarity are formed on the. conductors, another pair of conductors substantially similarand parv33. A directional for exciting the conductors in phase oppositionwaves of opposite instanta allel to said first mentioned pair and spaced therefrom in a direction along the bisector of the angle of the conductors, and a pair of vertical connections in circuit with said last pair of "conductors, and joining said last pair with said transmission line.

transmitting antenna comprising a pair of linear. conductors angularly disposed with respect to each other, each of a length including substantially a lengths and being open-ended, line, a pair of vertical connections extending from said pair of conductors to said transmission line, and means in circuit with said transmission line whereby standing neous polarity are formed on the conductors, another pair of conductors substantially similar and parallel to said first mentioned pair and spaced therefrom in a sector of the angle of the conductors, and a pair of vertical connections in circuit with said last pair of conductors, said two pairsof vertical connections being joined together by a pair of horizontal conductors.

34. An antenna arrangement comprising a pair of conductors each of a length including several half wave lengths at the operating frequency, said'conductors being angularly disposed at an acute angle with respect to each other, each conductor making the same angle with, but lying on opposite sides of a line representing the desired direction of radiant action, and a U-shaped metallic circuit having legs substantially parallel to each other connected between substantially 'oppositepoints on said angularly disposed con-- .ductors, which points ar "gether. I

35. An antenna arrangement comprising a pair 01. conductors each of a length including several half wave lengths at the operating frequency, said conductors being angularly disposed with respect to each other, each conductor making the same posed conductors,

said conductors plurality of half wave a transmission direction along the"bi-.

relatively close torepresentingthe desired direction of radiant action, and a circuit having conductors substantially parallel to each other connected between substantially opposite points on said angularly dis- I which points are relatively close together, and means for effectively connecting together for high frequency currents, similarly located points on each of said parallel conductors.

36. An antenna arrangement comprising a pair of conductors each of a length including several half wave lengths at the operating frequency, being angularly disposed with respect to eachother, each conductor making the same angle-with, but lying on-opposite sidesof, a line representing the desired direction of radiant action, a U- haped circuit having legs substantially parallel to each other connected between substantially opposite points on said angularly disposed conductors, which points are relatively closetogether, and atransniission line connected to the legs ofsaid- U-shaped circuit and to said angularly disposed conductors for energizing said conductors'in phase opposition.-

3'7. A directional antenna comprising a pair of angularly disposed substantially straight conductors, said conductors being angularly disposed of a length including a plurality of half'wave with respect to each other, each conductor being lengths at a' desired operating frequency,.r'neans I for exciting the conductors in phase opposition whereby standing waves of opposite instantaneous polarity are formed thereon whereby radi- I ant action of the system formed by said angularly disposed linear conductors is predominantly along the direction of the bisector of the angle formed by the conductors, another pair of conductors parallel and similar to said first mentioned pair of conductors, and-a substantially radiationless transmission line, not less than a quarter wave length long at the desired operating frequency, joining substantially opposite points on said pairs of conductors, the points on each pair being relatively close together. 1 i

38, A directional antenna comprising a pair of straight conductors angularly disposed with re- I spect to each other, each conductor the operating frequency and being electrically open-ended at their most widely separated ends, means for. exciting said conductors in phase op- 3 position whereby standing waves 'of oppositeine 'stantaneous polarity are formed thereon, and another pair of open-ended conductors similar and parallel to said first mentioned pair of conductors and being spaced therefrom in a direction along the bisector of the angle of the conductors such that radiant action of said pairs of conductors is substantially unidirectional.

39. A directional antenna comprising a pair of straight conductors angularly disposed with being of a length including a plurality of wavelengths at no T wave length long at the desired operating frequency.

40. A directional antenna comprising two pairs of conductors, the conductors of each pair being substantially straight and being arranged so as to form substantially a V, each conductor of each of said pairs of conductors being of a length including a plurality of wave lengths at the desired operating frequency, the most remote ends of the conductors of each pair being electrically open-ended, both pairs of conductors lying in the same plane and symmetrically about a line representing a desired direction of radiant action.

41. A directional antenna comprising two pairs of conductors, the conductors of each pair being substantially straight and being arranged so as to form substantially a V, each conductor of each of said pairs of conductors being of a length including a plurality of wave lengths at the desired operating frequency, the most remote ends of the conductors of each pair being electrically open-ended, both pairs of conductors lying in the same plane and symmetrically about a line representing a desired direction of radiant action, and a substantially radiationless transmission line not less than a quarter wave length long connected between similar points on said pairs of conductors, the points taken on each pair of conductors being close together relative to the electrical open ends of said conductors.

PHILIP STAATS CARTER. 

